Contents
- What is joint degeneration?
- What could be the causes of joint degeneration in dogs and cats?
- The most common joint diseases in dogs
- How does osteoarthritis manifest in dogs and cats?
- Symptoms of osteoarthritis in cats
- Symptoms of joint degeneration in dogs
- How do we detect osteoarthritis in animals?
- Joint degeneration – treatment and care
- How to treat degenerative joint changes in dogs and cats?
- Life Expectancy: What is the prognosis for osteoarthritis?
- Is osteoarthritis in cats dangerous?
- Prevention – how to care for the joints of dogs and cats?
- What ingredients should products that support your pet's joints contain?
- Microlactin – natural support for your pet's joints:
- The best joint supplement
- Bibliography
What is joint degeneration?
Osteoarthritis is a progressive disease process that leads to gradual damage to joint structures and ultimately to impaired function. It can occur in animals of all ages. It is estimated that it affects over 20% of one-year-old dogs. With age, the percentage of affected animals increases, reaching 45-80% in dogs and approximately 60% in cats over 8-12 years of age.
What could be the causes of joint degeneration in dogs and cats?
Osteoarthritis is described as a multifactorial disease, with a probable genetic component. It can be classified as idiopathic (primary) or secondary. The idiopathic form, with an unknown exact cause, develops spontaneously in previously undamaged joints. It is more common in cats. In dogs, the disease usually develops secondary to trauma or is a consequence of other orthopedic conditions, such as hip dysplasia or cranial cruciate ligament rupture.
A significant factor contributing to its development is the pet's excess weight, which leads to excessive strain on joints. Diet also plays a significant role – excessive fat consumption and a high-calorie diet will affect the pet's body weight. For young, growing dogs, a properly balanced diet and a proper calcium-to-phosphorus ratio are crucial.
As noted in the study, environmental conditions also play a role, especially in young dogs. Boxer puppies were found to be more likely to develop hip dysplasia or hip arthritis if kept in an environment with poor traction on floors.
Another factor is the animal's age. As the aging process progresses, chondrocyte reactivity decreases, the metabolism of synovial structures weakens, and, consequently, joint cartilage regeneration decreases.
It has been shown that excessive exercise, especially in young dogs during the growing phase or in older animals, can predispose dogs to disease and exacerbate lameness in those already affected by clinical osteoarthritis.
The most common joint diseases in dogs
Breed and genetic predisposition play a significant role in canine joint disease. While these conditions can affect any dog at any age, they are particularly common in large and giant breeds such as German Shepherds, Saint Bernards, Newfoundlands, Bernese Mountain Dogs, Labrador Retrievers, and Golden Retrievers.
The most common joint diseases in dogs:
- hip and elbow dysplasia,
- degenerative joint disease,
- osteochondrosis,
- patella dislocation,
- rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament,
- Legg–Calve–Perthes disease,
- rheumatoid arthritis.
How does osteoarthritis manifest in dogs and cats?
Degenerative joint disease develops slowly and often unnoticed. In the early stages, symptoms in our pets can be subtle and often difficult to detect.
Symptoms of osteoarthritis in cats
Osteoarthritis is much more difficult to diagnose in cats because they are less active and don't limp as visibly as dogs. It's usually a change in behavior that's visible, not typical lameness.
- Problems with movement
Cats with osteoarthritis will be less active and therefore less likely to play. They often show a reluctance to jump on high objects, such as cabinets or sofas. Sometimes, their limbs may become stiffer after standing up.
- Difficulties with care
Cats that experience pain wash themselves less often, and their fur becomes dull and matted, most often around the hindquarters.
- Changes in behavior and mood
Withdrawal, a lack of interest in activity, and avoidance of contact are other signs. Due to pain, cats may become irritable or even avoid being petted.
- Litter box problems
If your cat suddenly stops using the litter box and uses it outside, this could be another sign of pain. It's worth checking whether the litter box doesn't have a high threshold, or if it's covered, whether the cat can turn around freely in it. It's sometimes worth trying an open litter box with a low threshold. However, it's important to remember that joint problems aren't the only cause of a cat using the litter box outside. In such cases, you should always consult your veterinarian.
Symptoms of joint degeneration in dogs
- Lameness and stiffness
Owners often first notice that dogs take a moment to "get their paws moving" after rising from their beds. Initially, their movements are slower, and their gaits are stiff and cautious. Lameness may also develop, worsening after longer walks or intense exercise.
- Limited activity
Dogs with joint disease are less willing to play, get tired more quickly, and are reluctant to jump on the couch or into the car.
- Difficulty getting up and lying down
We can often notice slow, cautious getting up and lying down, as well as the pet adopting strange positions.
- Behavior change
Dogs exposed to pain will be irritable, may avoid being touched around painful joints, and will derive less enjoyment from walks or play.
- Physical symptoms
As a result of resting the affected limb, dogs may experience muscle atrophy in that limb. Occasionally, slight joint swelling or uneven claw wear may be observed.
How do we detect osteoarthritis in animals?
Diagnosis of joint diseases should be performed by a veterinarian. It is based on a thorough interview with the owner, where any problems are reported. This is followed by a clinical examination and an orthopedic examination, during which the veterinarian assesses gait, posture, joint range of motion, tenderness or lumps upon palpation, and muscle tone. Depending on the stage of the disease and the severity of symptoms, additional tests may be ordered, such as bone X-rays, ultrasound of the joint, fascia, or muscles. In very advanced cases, a CT scan or MRI scan is recommended. The orthopedist may also order arthroscopy if they suspect a joint problem. Sometimes, symptoms of mobility problems can be caused by other comorbidities, so to complement the diagnosis, blood tests are performed to check for tick-borne diseases, autoimmune diseases, hypothyroidism, and to assess the pet's general condition.
Joint degeneration – treatment and care
Treatment for osteoarthritis should be multifaceted and combine various methods, such as non-pharmacological, pharmacological, or, in severe cases, surgical treatment. This approach aims to slow the progression of the disease, reduce pain, improve joint mobility, and enhance patients' quality of life by increasing muscle mass and improving the animal's motor skills.
How to treat degenerative joint changes in dogs and cats?
The classic treatment for osteoarthritis, or degenerative joint disease, is virtually the same for both dogs and cats. A key difference is environmental modification. For cats, we switch to open litter boxes with low edges, and food and resting areas should be low to the ground and easily accessible. If necessary, we care for the cat's fur by brushing it regularly. For dogs, we use ramps and platforms to facilitate access to beds or couches, non-slip mats, and a warm, soft bed. Other important elements of treatment include:
- weight control
- building muscle mass, maintaining good physical condition
- regular, leisurely walks, avoiding sudden movements, jumps and overloads,
- treatments with a zoophysiotherapist
- kinesiotherapy,
- massage,
- physical treatments,
- laser therapy,
- magnetotherapy,
- water treadmill,
- joint support diet/supplements
- a diet with a high content of easily digestible protein, which will help rebuild muscle mass,
- appropriately adjusted caloric content of the diet,
- addition of supplements:
- omega-3 fatty acids,
- glucosamine and chondroitin,
- collagen,
- devil's claw,
- MSM,
- drug therapy – implemented by a veterinarian
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
- glucocorticosteroids,
- opioids,
- monoclonal antibodies,
- intra-articular injections of PRP and/or hyaluronic acid,
- surgical procedures
- prosthesis applications,
- arthrodesis,
- amputation of the head and neck of the femur,
- denervation.
Treatment should always be supervised by a veterinarian. Unfortunately, none of these methods is perfect and does not fully cure joint disease. Therefore, veterinarians often combine several methods to achieve the best therapeutic results.
Life Expectancy: What is the prognosis for osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis doesn't directly shorten a dog's or cat's life, but it does contribute to a reduction in quality and comfort. It's a chronic condition that, if detected and treated early, can remain asymptomatic for a long time. Regular veterinarian visits, supplements to support joint cartilage, maintaining a healthy weight, and appropriate physical activity will slow the progression of the disease. However, if neglected, their quality of life will significantly decrease due to constant pain.
Is osteoarthritis in cats dangerous?
Osteoarthritis, or degenerative joint disease, is not life-threatening in cats in itself, but indirectly it can significantly reduce the comfort and quality of their life.
In cats, the disease is often detected very late because they are very good at hiding pain. This is dangerous, as chronic exposure to painful stimuli weakens the immune system, appetite, and condition. Untreated, prolonged discomfort leads to withdrawal and aggression, and limited exercise promotes obesity, further exacerbating the degeneration.
Prevention – how to care for the joints of dogs and cats?
Since joint disease may not produce obvious symptoms in its early stages, early implementation of preventative measures is crucial. These primarily involve maintaining a healthy body weight, adapting activity to the animal's abilities, and supporting the natural elasticity of cartilage. Preventive measures implemented early allow delay the development of degenerative changes, and in animals struggling with pain — significantly improve quality of life. Such actions include:
- maintaining a healthy body weight
- serving daily meals in accordance with the calculated calorie requirements,
- avoiding supplementary feeding,
- regular weighing,
- appropriately adapted physical activity
- dogs:
- daily walks of moderate intensity,
- avoiding sudden movements and slipping,
- swimming and water rehabilitation,
- cats:
- interactive games with short series of activities,
- scratching posts and shelves of different heights (not requiring large jumps),
- dogs:
- environmental modifications
- supplementation with preparations strengthening joint cartilage
- omega-3 fatty acids,
- glucosamine and chondroitin,
- collagen,
- devil's claw,
- Microlactin®,
- MSM.
What ingredients should products that support your pet's joints contain?
As mentioned, supplements are an important preventative measure against joint disease in dogs and cats. They can be used in animals of all ages, even before clinical symptoms appear. Regular and consistent administration is crucial. The first effects may not be visible until several weeks after use. Both single- and multi-ingredient products are available on the market, allowing you to choose the right supplement based on your pet's needs. The most common ingredients of these supplements include:
- Omega-3 fatty acids – their positive effect on the entire body is supported by numerous scientific studies, they reduce inflammation, have a positive effect on body weight, which is important in obese dogs, and may reduce the sensation of pain symptoms.
- glucosamine and chondroitin – these are substances that protect joint cartilage, have anti-inflammatory properties, delay the process of its destruction and relieve pain associated with the progression of the disease.
- Collagen is a building block of cartilage tissue. It supports the regeneration, strength, and elasticity of tendons and ligaments, while also increasing joint mobility.
- Devil's claw – is a plant growing in the deserts of South Africa, with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Microlactin® – a natural, bioactive ingredient derived from milk that helps reduce inflammation in joints, relieves pain and reduces stiffness.
- MSM - supports tissue regeneration and has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
Microlactin – natural support for your pet's joints:
Microlactin® It's a natural substance produced from the milk proteins of hyperimmunized cows. Its regular use helps reduce inflammation. As a result, it helps maintain healthy joints, reduces stiffness, and improves mobility in dogs and cats. This makes it an excellent preventative measure, both at the first signs of discomfort and in more advanced stages of joint disease.
The best joint supplement
Each animal will have different needs and therefore require different supplementation. However, it's worth considering the company's products. Animalactin®, that connect Microlactin® with other key ingredients that work multi-faceted. This comprehensive solution is designed for dogs and cats of all ages – including older dogs, active dogs, athletes, and those requiring additional support after injuries.
Bibliography
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- D. Gamba; Diagnosis and treatment of pain in dogs; Edra Ueban&Partner; 2021
